华南6水系与澜沧江-湄公河攀鲈线粒体ND2基因的遗传多样性分析

测定了中国华南6水系及澜沧江(云南勐腊)-湄公河流域(柬埔寨洞里萨湖)的125尾攀鲈(Anabas testudineus)线粒体部分ND2基因1 010 bp序列,分析发现39个变异位点和12个单倍型,总遗传多样性较低(h=0.369,π=0.003 8),推测可能经历过严重的瓶颈效应;中国攀鲈群体遗传多样性更低(h=0.282,π=0.000 4),处于边缘区的中国攀鲈群体是造成低遗传多样性的主要原因。在单倍型网络图中柬埔寨和中国攀鲈各自聚类,具有明显地理结构和谱系结构,推测地质运动和气候变化导致基因交流受阻所致。核苷酸错配图和中性检验表明中国群体经历过种群扩张,时间约为(5.94~4.13)万年前。华南水系群体间基因交流通畅,不存在明显分化;但与云南澜沧江群体间分化大而显著(FST=0.775,P0.01),AMOVA分析显示变异主要来自组群间(77.41%),推测二者分化时间约为(4.0~2.8)万年前,云南群体受末次冰期的影响,基因交流受阻而出现分化。中国群体和柬埔寨群体可作为2个管理单位进行保护;就中国群体而言,韩江水系群体遗传多样性最高,建议优先保护;澜沧江与华南水系间群体分化显著且遗传多样性极低,建议对澜沧江水系群体进行保护,以避免种质资源灭绝。     

红唇薄鳅2个野生群体的遗传多样性研究

采用9个微卫星DNA标记对长江支流岷江下游厥溪和长江上游干流朱杨溪红唇薄鳅的2个野生群体遗传多样性及遗传分化情况进行了研究。共检测出73条等位基因,其中厥溪群体中有55条等位基因,朱杨溪群体中有69条等位基因,两群体共有等位基因数为51条。厥溪群体和朱杨溪群体的平均等位基因数分别为6.111和7.667,平均观测杂合度分别为0.665和0.668;平均期望杂合度分别0.684和0.712,平均多态性信息指数分别为0.621和0.656,从各参数结果来看,朱杨溪群体的遗传多样性水平高于厥溪。AMOVA结果显示,大多数遗传变异存在于红唇薄鳅群体内(98.68%),群体间的遗传变异为1.32%,固定系数不显著。基因流为9.42,表明两群体间基因交流频繁。UPGMA聚类显示,厥溪和朱杨溪群体中的个体相互混杂。这些结果表明长江上游厥溪和朱杨溪群体未出现遗传分化。     

武夷岩茶种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系的SRAP分析

本研究利用SRAP-PCR反应体系,从88对SRAP引物组合中筛选出43对引物组合,对武夷岩茶主要的30份种质资源进行SRAP分析,共扩增出385条带,其中具有多态性的有236条带,占总数的61.30%,表明30份武夷岩茶种质呈现一定的遗传多样性。武夷岩茶种质资源间遗传距离变幅在0.31~0.98之间,平均为0.63,基于SRAP标记利用系统聚类法把武夷岩茶分为三大类,为武夷岩茶遗传研究、品种选育与资源保护提供参考。     

吉林蛟河近熟林树种多样性格局组建机制研究

植物种在群落多样性格局组建过程中所起的作用一直是生态学重点关注的问题。2010 年在吉林蛟河建立面 积为21.12 hm2 的近熟林监测样地,样地中记录到DBH 1 cm 木本植物32 405 株, 共计50 种木本植物。利用单物 种-面积关系模型分析了样地内30 种木本植物对局域群落多样性格局的影响,利用完全空间随机化模拟计算植物 对局域多样性促进或抑制的显著性程度。研究结果表明:1)由于ISAR 模型没有考虑竞争的非对称性,在相同取样 面积下,同一树种的mISAR 值普遍低于ISAR 值。不同树种的mISAR 曲线更加分散、区分度更为明显,且具有明显 的尺度依赖性。2)在0 ~50 m 空间尺度上,簇毛槭、黑樱桃、翅卫矛、稠李、大果榆、花楷槭、毛榛和青楷槭为多样性 促进种;水榆为中性种;红松、色木槭、胡桃楸在绝大多数空间尺度上表现为抑制种;其余树种绝大多数在小尺度上 表现为促进种。3)在中小尺度上,促进种决定了局域群落多样性格局组建; 在较大尺度上,促进种和中性种共同作 用于群落多样性格局的组建,并且随机过程的影响相对更强。因此,促进种和抑制种所代表的确定性过程与中性 种所代表的随机过程共同作用于森林群落多样性格局构建过程, 并且二者起作用的空间尺度不同。      

Effect of herbicide application on weed flora under conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe

Increased challenges of weed control in the smallholder farming sector of southern Africa have often resulted in small yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different weed control strategies on weed flora and composition under conservation agriculture (CA) systems in Zimbabwe. This study was conducted at three on-station trial sites namely Domboshawa Training Centre (DTC), University of Zimbabwe farm (UZ farm) and Henderson Research Station (HRS) in a maize–soybean rotation for four seasons from 2009–2010 to 2012–2013 seasons. Hand weeding was done whenever weeds were 10 cm tall or 10 cm in circumference for weeds with a stoloniferous growth habit. Weed identification was done up to the weed species level, and the Shannon–Weiner diversity and evenness index was used to determine the response of weed flora to herbicides. Results showed that there were more weeds in the early years which decreased gradually until the final season. Weed species diversity was not affected by herbicide application and the results indicated that weed species diversity was small in CA systems. Annual weed species constituted a greater proportion of species, and species richness decreased with the duration of the study. Richardia scabra L. and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. were the most common dominant weed species at all sites and in all seasons. Moreover, herbicide application had no effect on the evenness of weeds in the plots but site characteristics had a significant effect on the distribution of weed species (weed species evenness). The results presented in this study suggest that herbicide application facilitates a depletion of weed seed bank/number of weeds over time. Thus, herbicide application in CA has potential to reduce weed density, species richness and species diversity in the long term which may lead to more labour savings and larger yields.     

东方蜜蜂研究——重新评价中国阿坝地理种群

杨冠煌等(1986)发表蜜蜂阿坝亚种Apis cerana abansis,其亚种学名并没有拉丁化,应为Apis cerana abaensis,因多种原因未得到认可,但形态测定和分子数据分析认可中国阿坝地理种群Aba cerana。笔者介绍蜜蜂种下分类时,测评了38个形态学指标的测量方法、阿坝地理种群研究历史和背景、青藏高原分化出阿坝地理种群的环境条件,以及该种群个体形态特征、生物学和分布;中国是世界东方蜜蜂多样性热点地区之一,提出了中国东方蜜蜂(工蜂)中华亚种Apis cerana cerana、印度亚种Apis cerana indica、海南地理种群Hainan cerana及阿坝地理种群Aba cerana的形态鉴定表,肯定中国东方蜜蜂的多样性;从中国蜂业生产实际出发,首次较好地解决了东方蜜蜂种和种下阶元(亚种和地理种群)的关系,提出保护东方蜜蜂阿坝地理种群的措施。     

Identification of culturable microbial functional groups isolated from the rhizosphere of four species of mangroves and their biotechnological potential

This study identified microbial functional groups like total culturable bacteria, potential N₂-fixing free living bacteria, N₂-fixing hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, N-assimilating hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, total fungi, actinobacteria, P-solubilizers, lipolytic microorganisms, and starch, cellulose, pectin and protein degrading microorganisms, isolated from the rhizosphere of four species of mangroves (Red, Black, White, and Button) from the natural protected area at the Terminos Lagoon, Campeche, México. Overall, microbial populations showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the four mangrove species. The rhizosphere of White mangrove showed better chemical and textural soil properties, and harbored the highest microbial populations when compared to the remaining mangrove species. The principal component analysis indicated that two components accounted the 85.3% of the total variation. The most significant textural and chemical soil properties were the major components, CP1 (organic matter and total organic carbon) and CP2 (sand and clay). Microbial populations correlated (P < 0.05, Pearson coefficient) with sand and clay particles, and with some soil chemical properties such as organic matter. The total nitrogen and organic carbon significantly correlated with cellulose degraders, while phosphorus with N₂-fixing bacteria, total fungi, and with pectin and starch degraders.     

大型综合医院户外空间植物景观研究

为营造良好的医院户外空间,采用文献查阅和综合分析等方法对广州市3家大型综合医院的绿地植物景观进行研究。结果表明:3家医院共有植物116种,其中骨干树种和基调树种的重复率较高,乔灌比值偏小,常绿与落叶比相对合理,色彩应用设计合理。在交往空间的搭配中,广东省中医院的交往空间最丰富,广东省人民医院私密型空间较少,中山大学第一附属医院对病人户外交往空间考虑不够,空间应用的元素较为单一。     

Artificial neural network modeling of microbial community structures in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Microbial communities vary across the landscape in forest soils, but prediction of their biomass and composition is a difficult challenge due to the large numbers of variables that influence their community structures. Here we examine the use of artificial neural network (ANN) models for extraction of patterns among soil chemical variables and microbial community structures in forest soils from three regions of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. At each location, variations in soil chemical properties and FAME profiles of microbial community structures were mapped at 20 × 20 m intervals within 10 ha parcels. Geostatistical analyses showed that spatial variability in soil physical and chemical variables could be mapped at scale distances of 20 m, but that FAME profiles representing the microbial communities were highly variable and had no spatial dependence at the same scale in most cases. RDA analysis showed that FAME signatures representing different microbial groups were positively associated with soil pH, OM, P and base cations concentrations, whereas microbial biomass was negatively associated with the same environmental factors. In contrast, ANN models revealed clear relationships between microbial community structures at each parcel location, and generated verifiable predictions of variations in FAME profiles in relation to soil pH, texture, and the relative abundances of base cations. The results suggest that ANN modeling provides a useful approach for describing the relationships between microbial community structures and soil properties in tropical forest soils that were not able to be captured using geostatistical and RDA analyses.